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Like strings, each substring has a region of memory where the characters that make up the substring are stored. The difference between strings and substrings is that, as a performance optimization, a substring can reuse part of the memory that’s used to store the original string, or part of the memory that’s used to store another substring. Strings have a similar optimization, but if two strings share memory, they’re equal. This performance optimization means you don’t have to pay the performance cost of copying memory until you modify either the string or substring. As mentioned above, substrings aren’t suitable for longterm storage — because they reuse the storage of the original string, the entire original string must be kept in memory as long as any of its substrings are being used. In the example above, greeting is a string, which means it has a region of memory where the characters that make up the string are stored. Because beginning is a substring of greeting, it reuses the memory that greeting uses. In contrast, newString is a string — when it’s created from the substring, it has its own storage. The figure below shows these relationships