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Using tap water instead of coolant in a coolant system can lead to several problems: Corrosion: Tap water contains minerals and impurities that can lead to corrosion of the engine's metal components. This can damage the radiator, water pump, and other parts of the cooling system. Scaling and Deposits: The minerals in tap water can form scale and deposits within the cooling system. Over time, this can clog passages and reduce the efficiency of the cooling system, leading to overheating. Boiling and Freezing Points: Coolant has a higher boiling point and lower freezing point compared to water. Using only tap water can lead to overheating in hot weather and freezing in cold weather, which can cause significant engine damage. Lack of Lubrication: Coolants contain additives that provide lubrication to the water pump and other components. Tap water lacks these additives, leading to increased wear and tear on the system. Reduced Heat Transfer: While water has good heat transfer properties, coolants are specifically formulated to optimize the cooling process. Using only water may not provide sufficient cooling, especially under heavy engine loads. Overall, while tap water can be used in an emergency, it is not a suitable long-term substitute for proper coolant.