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Capítulo 2: ICS Architecture 1. What are the key elements of ICS architecture? The key elements of ICS architecture include sensors and actuators, control devices (PLCs and RTUs), communication networks, Human-Machine Interfaces (HMI), and data acquisition systems. 2. How do sensors and actuators function in ICS? Sensors collect data from the physical environment, such as temperature or pressure, and transmit it to control devices. Actuators receive commands from control devices to perform actions like opening a valve or starting a motor. 3. What role do communication networks play in ICS architecture? Communication networks facilitate the transmission of data between different components of ICS. They ensure that real-time information flows seamlessly from sensors to control systems and operators. 4. What is a Human-Machine Interface (HMI) in ICS? An HMI is a user interface that allows operators to interact with the control system. It provides visual representations of the process, real-time data, and control options to manage operations effectively. 5. How does the Purdue Model structure ICS architecture? The Purdue Model structures ICS architecture into hierarchical levels, including Level 0 (field devices), Level 1 (control devices), Level 2 (supervisory control), Level 3 (operations management), and Level 4 (enterprise network). This model helps in organizing and securing ICS networks. 6. What are the benefits of a layered defense strategy in ICS architecture? A layered defense strategy, also known as defense-in-depth, involves implementing multiple security measures at different layers of the ICS architecture. This approach enhances security by creating multiple barriers against potential attacks. 7. Why is secure communication critical in ICS? Secure communication is critical in ICS to protect data integrity and confidentiality. It prevents unauthorized access, tampering, and eavesdropping on sensitive information transmitted between ICS components. 8. How do gateways and firewalls contribute to ICS security? Gateways and firewalls control the flow of data between different network segments. They block unauthorized access, filter malicious traffic, and ensure that only legitimate communications occur within the ICS network. 9. What challenges are associated with integrating ICS and IT systems? Integrating ICS and IT systems poses challenges such as differing security requirements, real-time operation needs, and potential vulnerabilities. Effective integration requires careful planning, risk assessment, and the implementation of secure interfaces. 10. How can redundancy improve ICS reliability? Redundancy involves duplicating critical components or systems to provide backup in case of failure. It improves ICS reliability by ensuring that operations can continue smoothly even if a primary component fails.